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20260427-Ancient Greek Intensive Course - Part 11

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>> All right. Fantastic. Hey, Madalena, I just got your I just got figured out how to get your message in Discord. >> Oh, you're good. So, I'm going to listen to that as soon as I'm done. Yeah, no worries. To- tonight. Okay. So,

Hey, tell me something. How are you? Uh I'm I'm hanging in there. I'm all right. Um I was trying to work through some exercises uh throughout today and yeah. Good. So, we'll do some exercises and put things together. Now, you know how it works. I mean, we've done this eight times now, right? Yeah. And we've more class than that, but yeah, more class than that, but we've done it to the point that you understand the process. So, you read unit nine. Just any general, you know, comments you

Want to make about unit nine? Yay or no or God, it was awful or no, it was Um contractions. Uh-huh. Yeah. Uh-huh. Um it wasn't too terrible uh reading through it, but um yeah.

Um there were a couple things. I mean,

So, basically, you're just learning in nine. You're just learning how to how to create a contract verb. That's all. And >> [clears throat] >> it's basic It's basically a bunch of time spent on changing morphology. That's it. Changing the shapes of the end of the word. That's it. It's not really conceptually. You really didn't learn anything by learning contract verbs cuz they're they're just going to be like all the other verbs, right? They're going to have similar endings, but their vowel is going to be a little bit screwy. That's

All. You know, I but they're still going to have similar endings. Yeah, so did you learn anything really brand new with that? No. And that's how you're going to get entire units now like that where you're like, oh, this is just building on what I can already do. Yeah.

How is the um um uh vocabulary coming? Okay. I feel like I'm kind of falling behind. I'll be like doing an exercise and like, what the hell is that word? And then it's all the way back in like unit four or something. But I'm I'm I'm getting there. It's nice to be able to like pick out all these words and understand kind of what's going on. Yes, and are you relying on the lexicon in the back? Are you relying on the Greek lexicon? >> Sometimes if I can't figure it out, it's

Easier to just like look it up in the back. Please um you should start getting used to using that heavily. Right? You're getting a lot of words now, so it's going to be harder for you to remember. And um use the lexicon. Get yourself used to it cuz that's a skill that you're going to have to learn because it goes hand in hand with your translation. You're going to be using your lexicon till the day you till the day [snorts] you leave the earth, you know?

You know, >> [laughter] >> Yeah. Yeah. Yes. And the more familiar or familiar you are with it, the better. Because as you as you can see from the LSJ, that's what I'm talking about, Alice. >> Yeah. Love love Alice. And she has all of those forms, all of those myriad forms um

Under each definition with the authors. So, you're going to notice it it helps you to read Homer because, you know, Homer's going to have stuff all over the place. And as you're reading definitions, you're going to be learning Homer. So, that's the advantage.

Um biblical scholars are not going to have that advantage. Right. They don't. It's so true. I I mean, it's ridiculous how true that is. >> [laughter] >> Yeah, cuz how do they How do they really know what a what a word means? Just like Gorton and Ice Skourtaia. What is the act What is the act that's being performed there? What the Byzantine lexicographer is telling us it's fellatio, right? And that's why the Victorians That's why the Victorians are writing in fellatio. And that's why Jeffrey Henderson is noting it's fellatio. So, I don't know

Why the Christians think that they're able to get away with being totally ignorant. You know, imagine if somebody came along and said, "Oh, I'm going to be a physicist, but I'm only going to know one tiny little bit and I'm going to be completely ignorant of everything else." Right. Right? You That's God. Who would trust that person, right? Yeah. When I found out that the Bible only used like the concordance or only used words that referred to itself, at least for the most part, I was I was like,

"Seriously?" I saw somebody made this graph of all the words in the Bible and and how they corre- correspond, and it's just like loops within itself, basically. It was really I was like, "That's absurd." >> [laughter] >> And they and they >> that as proof for it being like the divine word. I'm like, "Oh my god." I'm so pissed off. >> It's terrible. And you can you can see all that stuff. The more Greek you study, the more ridiculous they will seem. And so, when you have one of them

Standing up in front of a crowd of people telling them this and that, and I know that because it's based on the Greek, and you know they're full of [\\h__\\h] I mean, you can hear that they're full of [\\h__\\h] It's becomes very obvious that people are deceptive. They're trying to deceive one another, and Christians are among the most deceitful. And it's amazing. It's it's oh God. It's amazing.

Can we I want to read um some vocabulary words, but I wanted to there's a section of uh

I want to give you some Solon. Agon. Tell me something on 245. No, yeah, 245. Um agon agonos. Agon agonos. A classic contest or struggle. Yeah. So, the agonia that ultimate struggle. What you doing?

Oh, did you have that? Oh, no, you didn't have it. Hang on. Sorry, Chewie just came in the room. She's going to set me up. Oh, no, I can do that. I can do that. You've got things to do. Go go go get your work done. I will get it. Um give me 1 second, Madalena. Just a sec. >> good. It's up. Mm. Oh. There we go. Yeah, no. There has got to be Can you put this up? Can you send this to me so that I can I want

Madalena to read this to me.

Just put that one. That's a tran- that's a translation of fragment four. Um this one you have to have in context. So, just give me Give me 5 minutes with Solon, Madalena. And if you can read this, I'm going to put it up on the screen. If you can read it just out loud to me in English like we're making an audiobook or something. Okay.

>> [Laughter] >> Is this the one on 253? Uh hang on a second. Let's see.

Um This is part of it. Part of it. But go ahead and put it up, Chewie. Oh God. This gets me every time. Is this not prophetic?

Um I want you to read. Oh, okay. Just like we're doing an audiobook. Go ahead and read that out loud. Let every all the voices in your head hear it. Our city will never perish because of Zeus or through the plans of the happy immortal gods. For our guardian is great of spirit, the one born of a mighty father. Pallas Athena holds her hands over us.

But the very citizens plot to destroy this great city being dragged off by wealth and their folly. The leaders of the people think unjustly and in their arrogance prepare to receive great pains. For they do not know how to restrain themselves from excess or how to temper the present feasting and peaceful harmony, but rather grow wealthy as they are persuaded of unjust deeds, not sparing possessions sacred or civic they steal, snatching away left and right, nor do they heed the seeds of the foundations of justice

Who silently knows what happens and what has been and comes in time always avenging. Do you want me to continue? Yeah, do you do you mind or I can continue? >> care. There comes a wound a wound unavoidable presently to every city which goes quickly into wretched slavery which awakens civil discord and sleeping war which destroys the lovely youth of many. For in meetings that are dear to the unjust a well-beloved city is swiftly laid waste by her enemies. These evils then run among the citizenry. Many of the needy go into a foreign land sold and bound with unseemly fetters

And bear by force the shameful labors of slavery. Thus this common evil enters every house nor are the outer doors still willing to hold it out. It leaps a high fence and even if a man should flee into the corner of his inner chamber by all means it finds him. These things my heart urges me to teach the Athenians.

How unsound governance gives greatest evils to a city. Sound governance shows everything orderly and suitable and often binds fetters around the unjust. And levels off the unequal, arrests surfeit, tempers blazing arrogance, withers the blooming flowers of ruin. Straightens crooked judgments, makes

Prideful deeds to be mild. Arrests the works of dissension, stops the bile of torturous strife, and so it is that through it everything concerning humans is made wise and harmonious. Isn't that nice? Isn't that nice and there she is. Look at look at Pallas Athena there. Right? Gorgeous, absolutely gorgeous. Okay,

Bring it back to the vocab and then you can get on your stuff. Um What what's your impression of that?

Um talking about Solon. Yeah. Solon talking about justice and

Greedy bastards. >> [laughter] >> Did you think it was me? Did you think I made that [\\h__\\h] up? >> [laughter] >> No, there's No, come on, man. No way. The those lofty thoughts were coming through Solon who the Athenians asked to set up help set up their democracy. Nice. And yeah, absolutely gorgeous. And every time somebody puts a comment on Lady Babylon says you can't talk about this political stuff, they're doing so because they're trying to keep that um poetry that you just read, those thoughts that you just read, they're

Trying to keep that out of the world. They're trying to push that away from civilization. And it was people like Tom Jefferson who read Solon and said, "Hey, um Declaration of Independence, man. Right?

>> [Laughter] >> So, yeah, fantastic. So, if you what am I doing? Let me get you up here. What am I doing with you right now? We're just reading English. Right? One component of a graduate or undergraduate one component of a classics program period

Is that you are absorbing the literature. And the way that you the way that you do that is to hit the English, to saturate the English. English is your tool there, use it. You need to saturate You need to be reading translations and and a lot of students start off and they say, "Well, I don't want to I don't want to corrupt myself with a translation." Right? No, no, no, that's that's not the point. You're at the point where you need that translation to give you a background about all of this literature.

You're going to be reading things in English. You're going to be reading things in English that you're not going to be reading in Greek right away. You need a familiarity You need to know who Solon is and what he said because a lot of you know, say you and I read a passage of you know, I don't know. Um one of Aristotle's students and they're talking about constitutions

And somebody mentioned Solon. Now, if you don't know who Solon is and what he said, then that's going to that's not going to ring true in your ear. You're not going to get it. The trans the translation process of whoever you're translating. So,

You need to carpet bomb your different fields of Greek literature. Right? Every cultivate a habit. Right now during this intensive course you may not be able to. But as you step out of this cultivate a habit of reading in English in translation classical authors. Um

Just as a habit. Pick them up. The ones that you don't like, don't pick them up again. The ones that you do like, pick them up as much as you want. Okay? But broaden your

Broaden your awareness of what's going on in the Greek literature. There's so much of it you have to do this. You have to do it. Any any Do you understand that? Yes. Okay, beautiful. Beautiful. Okay, let's go back to the vocabulary and pack some Greek Greek vocabulary. So, you go ahead and do the words. Okay.

Adikesa Where is the accent? Where is the accent? >> adikesas adike adikeka Good. adikemai adikethein

To do wrong Yeah, do you see how the word is the alpha privative that negativizes that alpha on the front of it and then it's just dik the root for justice. Good. Yeah.

Alogos alogon unreasoning or irrational reasonable Just the alpha privative, right? Just the alpha privative. Go ahead. barbaros barbaron a non-Greek foreigner Yeah. bios biou life means of living Yeah, life or a means of living. Bios is huge. And if you just want to remember it right now as life, that's probably the easiest. But yeah, it's you're going to see it used in context like weirdly where translating as life doesn't really work. So, any who, keep going. I'm sorry. No, I'm not sorry. [\\h__\\h] that. Go. Keep going. daimon adaimonos

A god or goddess or divine being >> [snorts]

>> Echthros echthra echthron

Hated hostile uh or enemy

Nikao nika nikeso enika enikesa nenike nenikeka nenikemai

Enikethein Very nice. a twin or conquer Yeah, like Athena Nike. Or as as people say Yeah. >> [clears throat] >> as they say now Nike, right? Whatever. Right. >> [laughter] >> Good. Um hode Hm? Sorry. Okay, hode ede tode

This

Onoma onomatos name

Autos aute touto uh this or that Yeah, autos [clears throat] autes. Yeah, notice it's got a rough breathing. autos Oh, I see. Yeah. autos Okay. autos or that. Look make up your mind, is it this or is it that? Right? I mean. Okay, good. >> [gasps] >> So, hooto

And the adverb is in this way, so with us.

Pera, a peira, or is it peira? Peira. Yeah, the epsilon and iota is a diphthong A. A, okay. Peiras, trial, attempt, experience.

Impeiros, experienced in, impeiro. Like the word empirical. Mhm. Right? Yeah. Imperia, impeirias, an experience or practice.

Poie, poieo, poieo. Poieiso, epoiesa, epoies, poiesa,

Pepoies, pepoiemai,

Epoiethen. To make or do. And that's probably one of the most common verbs in Greek. >> [snorts] >> Poieo. >> So, yeah. Poieo. Yeah. Just to do in general, [clears throat] to make or do. Good. What's the gay? Sige, silence. Siges.

Um. Timao. Um, timeso, etim, etimisa. Tetimate. The. Etimemai, etimethen, etimethen. To honor.

Hudor. Hudatos, is water. Hydrology and all that kind of stuff. Hydrology, yeah. Huper. Is over, above, or beyond. Or on behalf of. Mhm. I miss any? I don't think I missed it. No. No, notice it can be used genitive or accusative there. Mhm. Right? Yeah. That accusative meaning really extends into the beyond, right? To be beyond something. Yeah. >> Yeah. Fantastic. Let's look at vocabulary notes, see if there's anything good. Um.

There's the alpha privative mentioned in the second second note there with the alpha privative prefix. Good, so so you know I'm not misleading you. Um, look at barbaros, barbaron, >> [clears throat] >> non-Greek or foreign, an onomatopoeia >> Yeah. word, yeah. So, again, it's not me making that up to them. Right? To them it was that way cuz that's how it sounded to them, bar bar bar bar bar bar bar bar. The noun bios, life, means of living can refer either a person's manner of life.

See, that's why it doesn't actually mean life like we think. What was his What was his life like? I think that captures it. What was his life like in English? Like What was his manner of living like, right? But look what they put, one's life >> Livelihood. Yeah. So, it's kind of sticky, a little bit sticky. Just translate it as life and see if you can make that stick. The noun daimon, daimonos,

Can refer to a god or goddess, but more frequently denotes an unnamed and unspecified divine power. And they give you the Greek sundaimoni with literally just with a god. Right? With a with a daimon. Right? So, you know, okay. The noun can also refer to the power which controls one's fortune or destiny. Good. Dai- daimons are really not understood. Right? Cuz look, they're also the dei- deified souls of the dead. So, you and I don't have this, we don't I think the worship of the saints is the closest you

Can get. Yeah. You know, and maybe and that's not even, you know, this is much more personal. Those the those soul those divine Like intermediaries. Yeah, those deified powers that were not always divine. You know what I mean? That's kind of a category. Okay, and I think Look in Look on page 247 here, I've got it. In the middle voice, poieo is often used with a verbal noun to express the idea of the verb form which the noun is derived. So, what? Show me the example, thusion Epoieunto. So, epoieunto, they were making sacrifices. All right, sorry, sing- singular. They were making a sacrifice. >> [snorts]

[sighs]

>> So, they were sacrificing. See what I mean? Couldn't Couldn't you just put they were sacrificing here? Well, it's kind of Yeah, what's the difference between making a sacrifice and sacrificing? I mean, the action is the same thing, but the emphasis in this case, when it's used in the middle, is on the action of actually performing the sacrifice.

All right, whereas if we just had they sacrificed up here in Greek, all you'd be thinking about is the sacrifice is finished, right? Just sacrifice. You wouldn't be thinking about the process of sacrificing. But here with poieo, you do. So, it kind of puts emphasis on a specific action, that's all. It's like, think about what they're doing here. Okay, then there's you know, cognates and derivatives at the bottom. Good, good, good, we don't need that. We need to get jump into the fray here and I want you just to look

At the forms real quick. I'm not going to read this because you know it. It's already sunken into your head. Look at 231. We'll just start with that alpha contracts. Look, there's alpha, epsilon, and and omicron contracts

That you're you're going to have to learn. This is the alpha pattern. Look at its principal parts on page 231, timao, timeso, etimisa. Look at that. Now, just sit there for a minute. You you you're asking about accents, you know, and you're thinking, what happened with this one? This one moved three syllables from the end, that um aorist. Boom, it's moving. The accent's moving one syllable back. See how it's timao, it's on the second last. Timeso, second last. Etimisa.

Why did it do that? It's moving its accent back. It has to do with the weights and sounds. This is all part of the music of Greek. Yeah. Anyway, that's why I wanted you to hit that accent. Timao, timeso, etimisa,

Tetimemai, etimethen. To honor. Good. These are alphas. Now, just jump down. Just jump down to 232 where the box is. Unfortunately, this is what you should really memorize from this chapter. Right? Not the You don't have You don't have to go through all [snorts] the paradigms. You should be able to work this chart. So, all this chart says is, when you contract an alpha and epsilon, you get that lengthened alpha. All right, when you when you do an alpha epsilon and iota, you get an alpha iota.

Alpha eta turns into an alpha. Alpha eta iota turns into an alpha iota. Okay, well, I see at least they're staying consistent with the alphas, right? Yeah. What about on the other side? What happens when you put an alpha with an omicron? You get an omega. It lengthens it to an omega. Right? Alpha omicron iota lengthens again. Look, they're all omegas on the right side. That's what's happening. So, as soon as you step into an omicron or an omega, your alpha's going to give up. Yeah.

Right? From alpha to omega. Well, that alpha does not hold the strength that the omega does. The omega's the big black hole of the vowels. It sucks all of them in. >> [sighs and gasps] >> I like that. The only one that seems to have any staying power is the iota. Right? Notice there's an iota subscript,

Right? So, maybe in this vowel, you could still hear a little cry of the iota. So, iota special, iota special. Anyway, okay, look at the chart on page 232. You see the endings, timo, times, timai, timomen, timate, timosi. And you're

Going to look at like that first person plural, timomen. You're going to see that omega and you're going to think, oh [\\h__\\h] this is a subjunctive. No, it's not. It's just a contract and the vowel is messed up. Right? Tima,

Timaomen, or timaamon, I should say, to focus on the omicron is is taken and truncated and shortened into timomen with an omega. Fantastic. You got to just notice these contractions and how they work. Yeah. The same then look what the middle passive is just you're using your my side time at this the entire endings. Yeah. All right. Memorize that. Those are your middle passive my side time at this my side time at this the ending There you go. Good. And your vowels then are changed, right?

There's omegas and alphas here. Alphas and omegas in that alpha contract. They're just showing you how to make those contracts. Notice there's a They're yelling at you at the bottom of the page. >> [laughter] >> Just note that. Whatever. Okay, then they give you the imperfect on the following page. And again, it's just contraction. You're going to see the contractions and how they you know, when you look at etimon, you're going to think, "Oh [\\h__\\h] Is this a Is this a participle? Is this a masculine nominative

Active participle? Oh god."

Etimon etimon Mhm. All right. No, it's not. It's a contract from alpha. So, they're going to they're going to they're going to be a little bit tricky. And you're going to be as we do exercises, I want you to be flipping back to these pages and saying, "Okay. >> Yeah. I don't have to. You're moment. Yeah. Did you have to do that before prepping? Mhm. Fantastic. Fantastic.

Underneath that, present subjunctive. All right. Look at them. Look at all their endings. This is going to confuse you again. Look at third person singular, all right? timai All right. Oh god, it's the contract of tima plus a. Cuz all your contracting is your subjunctives. o a s a omen a ta o si And those are all those are all turn like the alpha is turning those a does into an alpha. Yeah. So, it you know, it may not look to you like it's a contract. Notice that alpha.

That alpha is going to carry a weighty accent to it, right? It's got the Look how it's got the circumflex over it. That circumflex is an indication that that vowel is heavy. All right. It's got gravity. But a heavy alpha is always going to give in to an omega. Love it. Okay. Um same thing. Well, guess what? It's all same. Look at the present optative on page 234. You see how the oi turned into oi? All right. Oi turned into oi. Oi. All right. Oi me oi s oi oi men oi

Ta oi en Yeah. It's the same thing. Now, they tell us, "Oh, wait a minute. There's alternate endings." Are you kidding me? Look at the or, the big or in that chart. Yeah. >> [sighs] >> oi ain oi es oi en What do those turn into? oi en oi es oi en All right. Ah.

Okay. I think you're going to have to be turning back and forward looking at looking at charts. 1.5 million different unique word forms, right? Those Everything giving a slightly different nuance. All right. Ah. It's wonderful. Present optative middle passive. Go down to the participles, page 235. Okay. And look at the participles. timon is tima plus on, so it's just timon. Well, Okay, wait a minute. What about Ah. All right. timon timosa timon

Okay. I can I we can make the adjustments in our head. Look at page 236. Those are the middles. All right. Middle passive. timomenos timomene Uh-oh. What happened there? Do you see this on page 236 here? Look at the participles here. >> Yeah. timomenos

For that nominative masculine singular See, it's got the accent over the omega and then timomene. Look, it shifts. It's accent shifts somehow. Yeah. And what? >> Where's that um What can we conclude? All right. The accent's getting pulled in the timomene, it's getting pulled to the end of the word. There's something heavy at the end of the word that's pulling it and that's what the eta is. It's that that middle That's middle passive, yeah. Look at >> Look. mene All right. See the eta? Mhm. Because it's heavier than the omicron

Here at the end of omenos. Because it's heavier, it's going to pull that accent. Interesting. When it switches back to an omicron at the end, the accent's going to want to leap back. Accents want to go to the third from the end. Don't ask me why. It's the music. No, I'm serious. It's the music of the thing that I don't get. The recessive >> talk about this [\\h__\\h] all the time and when they do, it is so [\\h__\\h] complicated. Yeah, it's um it's interesting. Yeah. Yeah. Good. Okay. All right. Um

Look at I'm going to We're going to take a break in a second, but look at page 236. Okay. And we're going to start with epsilon contracts, okay? Now, as we do epsilon as we do epsilon, I want you to notice again there's a box. What you have to memorize is the box. The epsilon epsilon creates an epsilon iota. When you get an epsilon epsilon iota together, it just becomes an epsilon iota. All right. Look at the epsilon and the eta. It it thins into the eta, right? Why?

Because eta has greater gravity than epsilon. And it just sucks in that epsilon to become eta that [clears throat] you can't tell the difference. And remember, look at the sounds here. It's epsilon iota a or e plus i. e i e i e i e i versus an eta, which is say in English is a. So,

Our English doesn't really distinguish between these sounds. All right. So, that's our fault. But to the Greek ear, it does. They can hear the difference. Is that the iota? Yeah, it's it's partially it cuz look, they put the iota subscript down here. All right. That gravity of the eta isn't able to swallow completely the iota.

>> [Sighs] >> It's It's It's cool. It's cool. What about the epsilon and the omicrons? Well, look. Look at the alphas. They're different. e o becomes u. Wait a minute. Seriously? e o e o e I guess, yeah. Yeah. e o i e plus o i becomes o i e o i o i It's just It's just a Why? Because oi is a diphthong. Mhm. And diphthongs have greater weight in on this on the scale of the weights of vowels. Diphthongs have greater weight. So, look. They're

Just swallowing the epsilon. See? The oi just swallowed the epsilon. The u swallowed the epsilon. The omega just swallowed the epsilon. Boom. Mhm. Okay. Does that all make sense? Mhm. Yeah. Yeah, pretty easy to comprehend. Then we get the forms, okay? And you're going to have to Seriously? Yeah, you're going to have to know, right? poi e a s becomes poi es, right? All right. poi e omen becomes poi u men.

All right. So, we're just tuning language. u si Yeah. Yeah. poi e u si That makes sense. That one just turns into poi u si. Why? Because the epsilon just gets absorbed, yeah. Yeah. No, I'm telling you, we're going to have to go back and forth and identify cuz you're going to forget umen. So, how do you make How do you make your way through this morass? I'm going to bring you up. How do you make your way through this morass?

You have to be able to look at the verb and say, "Oh, wait a minute. This is an epsilon contract." Mhm. How do you do that? The only way to do it is to memorize the principal parts because the first principal part, if you've noticed in the vocabulary, will always include its contract vowel. Yeah. Like on page 245 at the bottom of the page, you got timao. That first principal part, that's You're never going to see timao. All right. You're going to see timo. >> Yeah. You're going to see a contracted

Timo. Yeah. Right, but when they list them in Lexica because these are contracts and they know there's a vowel there they go ahead and put the show you the vowel, which I think is great cuz then we don't have to try to figure out which one it is. So, when you are memorizing vocabulary like we'll have a vocabulary quiz when we get back from this break. When you memorize vocabulary

The principal parts will cheat and tell you that it's which contract it is. Um in this chapter we've get nikao to conquer, right? Above that we get adikeo, that's an epsilon contract. Timao at the bottom and then above that poieo.

Right, we've got our epsilon and our alpha contracts. Okay. Let's take

10 Minutes. Okay. >> About 50 3:54 come back. Okay. >> And um we'll do a little vocab quiz and then I want to move on to exercises and just reading Greek. And >> Okay. Cool. Yeah. Okay, great. Let's do 10 minutes. Okay, see you back. >> Cool. All right.

Okay. Back we are. Back we are. Okay.

I need to bring up the text. Boom. Okay, so did they give us anything extra to play with? Yeah, they gave us a couple of things. Look on page 239. That's your demonstrative adjective \\{{}slash} pronouns. Hode, hede,

Tade, meaning this. Yeah, it's the one closest, right? And sometimes it really is indicating something negative, but anyway, hode, hede, tade. Hode, hede, tade. Look at the masculine forms ha, tu, toi, tan. Look, it's just the What's that? What's the de? Article, yeah. Just the definite article and slap it on there. Just like you can just like you can um to make any word in Greek, right? You can use You got to get used to this. Using the system. Yeah. >> Um good. And they'll tell you just look

At the Greek examples below that. Hoy de, hoy adelphoi. These brothers. Right? These brothers did something, right? Ace paind, ten nason to this island. Right? To this very island. Right? You get >> Nice. Yeah. And also just be used as a pronoun on page 240. Tainde pausita. Right? You will stop tainde. This female

You know, right here. Yeah. Stop this woman. Love it. Okay. Below that on 240 is the demonstrative adjective \\{{}slash} pronoun. Hutos, haute tuto. Right? And this one is extremely common. Mhm. Right? And they tell you depending on the context it can mean this or that. It indicates someone or something close at hand or in the speaker's thoughts, but it does not emphasize that closeness as much as the demonstrative hode, hede, tade. All right? So, is it Is it a this? Yes, it is, but it's not so much of a this right here as hode is. Right? Hode is

This thing right here that I've got in my hand. Look, I'm holding it. >> Right? Okay. >> Yeah. >> [laughter] >> Look what they say. It's equivalent to this or that in the sentence sentences. I met this man, you know.

>> [Laughter] >> It's just funny how they're trying to get you to learn. Right? >> Yes. Um so, here are the forms of it and guess what? They don't look odd. Hutos. Right? Tutu. Tutu. >> Right? Look, it's just they've got the Yeah. Tutu. >> Tutoi, good. Tuton, good. >> [snorts]

>> Yeah? This? Oh God. Right? This one, hutos, good. Um the endings are in almost every case. Yeah, we don't need to see that. Okay. Um go down to the demonstratives compared. I want you to know that on page [clears throat] 240. [snorts] >> Yeah. And you get there ekeinos, you get hode, you get hutos, right? And I want you to notice in bold that on page 241 in bold under ekeinos, right? Mhm. Just look at the bold. That. You're talking about that person. Right? Someone or something relatively far

Away. Mhm. Isn't it interesting their demonstratives relatively far away versus really far away? Right? Versus up close versus really up close? I mean, God. >> here and to what you refer. Yeah.

Good. That horrible man. Ekeinos hokeiron that horrible That guy. Right? That old dude. Like he's a pedo or something, right? >> [laughter] >> Ekeinos just with just with that demonstrative pronoun \\{{}slash} adjective, whatever. Describe someone or something good. Just look over the chart. You'll love it. Okay. A little grammar that we need to learn, the subjective genitive. >> Yes. The subjective genitive. It's the bottom of page 242. Okay, just look at the example. What is a subjective genitive? Okay.

>> [Sighs] >> Homeru phobos, the fear of Homer. Right?

The fear which Homer feels. Therefore, Homer is the subject. Right? He's the subject of a verbal action. Homer is afraid. It's fair to say Homer's afraid or Homer fears. Right? When you get Homeru phobos, the fear of Homer. Look at the next one. The sacrifices of the Greeks.

Right? They're the subject. When you say the sacrifices of the Greeks, the Greeks are the one performing the sacrifice. That is a subjective genitive. Now, we're going to have the opposite. We're going to have an objective genitive and that's on the next page, 243. Just look at how you form it. Hoton theon phobos. The fear of the gods. Is that the gods being the subject and being afraid? No. It's you and me being afraid.

You and I, I should say. Fear directed towards the gods. They are the object. Right? Does that make sense? Yes. How do I can you tell the difference? So, how can you tell the difference? >> [laughter] >> Right? Because the subjective genitive's in the genitive. Okay. >> objective genitive's in the genitive. Okay. >> can you tell the difference, right? The context is going to Really, the context is going to be the Okay. the difference. If you see, like on page 243, if you see hoton theon phobos the fear of the gods. Just translate it as the fear of the gods. Yeah. Okay, you

Don't have to tell me because we're speaking barbarian. You don't have to tell me that that's the that what's going on. You don't have to specify it. Yeah, the gods aren't the ones fearing. Right, exactly. Right? It's the They're the object. The fear of God is that which I fear. God. Right? So, it's an object. God's an object there. Yeah.

Yeah, kind of neat. Objective versus subjective. Okay. And then they give you in this chapter, too, the dative of manner. Right? It just tells you You can indicate manner. How an action takes place in what manner. What What do you mean? Look at it. Tutoi, toi tropoi. Just look at it. That's your dative of manner. In this way they translate it. In this way.

That's how I wrote this book. That's the manner I wrote this book in. Right? Oh God. Yeah.

They tell you that you can use prepositions that you often use prepositions with this. Look at the second to last paragraph. It says in general, however, nouns blah blah blah. Look at the Greek. Sundike et pempseisan.

Yeah. >> Were sent. Yeah, they were sent sundike with justice. Yeah, how were they sent? These dative This dative of manner is just asking the question how. In what way or how did somebody do something? They did it by Look at the one silence at the bottom. Carefully distinguish the dative of manner from that instrumental dative.

Oh God. Look at the Okay, hang on it. Just appreciate for the a minute like the slight difference here between this between these two. Sige up top, the first example, in silence is a dative of manner. How was it done? Sige. It was done with silence or silently.

That's a dative of manner, but what is hoplois under it? With weapons. How was something done? With weapons. Technically, this isn't the manner it was done. This is the instrument by which it was done. Oh, okay. >> With weapons. So, see how there's there's they're different constructions. But, they're they're both datives. Wow. >> [Sighs and snorts]

[laughter]

>> Okay? Is that Do you Do you feel? I get it. Okay. Good. Keep going then to 244. Let me give you one more dative. This is the dative of respect. It indicates the respect in which a statement is true. What? Oh God. Seriously, how do these people function? Look at the example example, toy men somati.

With respect to his body. Toy men somati. Just take out the men from it. Just toy somati. With respect to his body, the neanias is kalos. With respect to his body, but he is kakos with respect to his psyche. Did you get all that? Yeah. >> [clears throat]

[laughter]

>> Yeah. Right? He's kalos. >> He's got bad soul. Yeah, he's got a bad soul, right? And a beautiful body. And a beautiful body. Are there people like that in the world? >> [laughter] >> I'm sure.

Yeah. This boy is Look, this neanias is, right? He's not He's Oh, he's got to work on his soul, man. Um, but he is he is something to look at though. You got to give him that, right? >> [sighs] >> You get points for looks, right? I mean >> [laughter] >> So, this is the dative of respect. With respect to the body. So, you're like, how do you know if it's manner or instrument, you know, or respect? Is it a dative of respect? Well, guess what?

>> Then. Yeah, guess what? I'm going to flip your mind. I want you to go I want you to go to the appendix. Okay. Just really quick, and I want you to look at the dative case in the appendix because they're going to give you all of the dative cases. >> Oh, I see. I found it. Okay, you found it. Look through it. >> [laughter] >> Just look through it. Just Is it a lot? Is it a lot? Uh How many do we have in the dative here?

>> Yeah.

What page you want? Give me your page. Well, uh 703, so 19. Yeah, 703. Okay.

All right, you're going to have to learn all these different uses of the dative. Look back at the genitive before that. The dative Genitive goes back to page 694. Look at the [snorts] genitive. 694. 1 2 Oh, genitive does, yeah. 3 4, yeah. This [snorts] is 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 23. >> 11 12 13 14 15 Oh God, it just keeps going and going and going. Those are all genitive cases. Wow. Okay? Okay. You're going to be learning those throughout this text.

>> [Laughter] >> So, get ready. Now, you're you're you're asking you're like, okay, cognitively I can say what are these?

What are these forms? What do they look like? I need to memorize more. I can read through this list of the 20 something genitives that I've got here laying around that I'm going to use. They're um that are the universe, the cosmos of the

Genitive, right? Yeah. You can try to memorize those, or you can read through that list, and you can ask yourself, what's the commonality? Right? What is the And that's the way they approach it, right? When they give you those little charts showing you this is what the genitive does. This is what the dative does. This is what the accusative does. They're giving you They're trying to give you a sense of the genitive. How the genitive works. Yeah. And that you can get by just reading, simply

Going back to the appendix, right? And this is not something This is not something that you're going to get except in an intensive course. Yeah. Right? So, like [clears throat] on page 698, just look at page 698 at the top. Did you know there's something called an exclamatory genitive?

No, you didn't know that, right? But, for now, this is why you're taking Greek, so you can learn that. Yeah. It's just an exclamation in the genitive case. You just have a word sitting there in in the genitive case, and how do you translate it? Well, try a genitive of the exclamation, right? [laughter] What do they give you for amathei? Yes, pity. Stupidity. You're so goddamn uneducated. Amathea, right? Tes

Amatheias. What [\\h__\\h] uneducated [\\h__\\h] am I dealing with, right? They're packing that all into the genitive. Now, ask yourself, why?

Why the genitive case? Do you remember the little box that had >> It's in It's like with, right? Yeah, what was that little box? What They had a box, and they had an arrow with the direction in. That That was accusative.

And then they had >> the dative sitting right in the middle of the box, just sitting there. Or maybe it was on the top. >> Oh, away from out of, right? Yes. Yes. So, the genitive case is away from. This stupid person that we're making an exclamation about is outside of our group.

Do you get it? >> Yeah. Uh-huh. Yeah. Nice. There are nuances to the genitive case. There are nuances to these genitives. There are nuances to the datives. There's nuance nuances to the accusatives, right? The Those are Those are the oblique cases.

The nominative is always just going to be the [\\h__\\h] subject. The nominative is boring. And if you'll skip back if you skip back in the just couple [snorts] of pages to page 693,

Look at the nominative. Look at how much the nominative can be. Right? It's It gives you It lists It lists five, and then 6 7 8, which are just little tiny They really are all the same thing, subject. Subject. You can be a subject, [\\h__\\h] right? You can be a predicate, a subject, subject predicate. Oh God. You're basically a subject. That's it. Right? So, that's why they never include the nominative case in those diagrams. It's only the oblique cases. The ones that aren't the subjects. All right? It's how they use those

Tools. How they use those tools. Yeah, and you again, you're not going to get this in biblical Greek. Right? They're not going to They're not going to go to this depth. Um, just the way it is. Okay. Fantastic. Now, that's all the grammar. I want to stop for 1 second, and I want to ask you, how do you feel? Okay. Feel great.

You feel great? >> Good. Are you ready to dive in and do some translation? Yeah. You didn't quiz me on vocab though. Oh, I didn't quiz you on vocab. Thanks for being honest. Yeah. Thanks for being honest. Just go to page 245, and cover the right-hand side of the page. I know you're just learning these, but I want to see how your retention was from looking at them once or twice. Yeah. Okay. So, 245, cover the right side of the page. Right. And what about nikao, the verb nikao? To win. Good. How

About the verb poieo? Um,

Poieo. Um,

Uh, is that do or make? Do, good. To do. How about at the top, the verb adikeo? Oh, uh uh um

Do wrong. Good. To do somebody wrong, right? >> Yes. Yeah. Right? And n- um, what about um, the noun at the bottom, hudor? Do you remember what hudor is? Water. Yeah, good good. Hydration and all that. One more. This one's not so easy. You may not remember it. The noun in the middle onoma, onoma. Name. Name. Good.

Good. Good. Yeah. Gorgeous. Perfect. Okay. Enough. That's all I wanted. Now, let's go to get into the translation. What do you want to translate first? Shall we do some exercises or would you like to go immediately to the actual Greek? So, I did a couple um of the Greek ones, but I didn't do all of them or anything, but it is what it >> Excellent. You shouldn't You shouldn't. Yes. Yeah, >> how were they before before we actually do Greek? How were those Greek ones? They were they I liked them because they

Made sense. Good. That's important. Yeah. No, that's what we live for, right? Is to make sense of it. >> Yeah. Mhm. Which one made the most sense? Take me to the one that made the most sense to you and teach me Greek. Okay. Um

Okay, the most sense I'd say be the first two um and then the uh on 255 the Menander one the the Yeah. The 583. The Menander, right? Because that's Menander. >> also a short one, so >> [laughter] >> Notice Notice also though that you're going to be picking out authors that you like or the style is easy for you. Notice which ones those are because that says a lot, right? Um get Let's do the Menander to start with then. Mhm. This is I think 583 on page

255. Mhm. Yeah. Okay, go for it. Okay, so um whom the gods love will die young.

Is Is it will die? There's only one slight It's perfect. I love it. There's only one slight Okay. apothnesko. apothnesk Which tense is that? That's a present tense, right? First principal >> Yeah. I couldn't tell if it was present or if it was future. Because it's got that sigma in it and it's throwing you off. That's the sigma. Yeah. Here's something going on here. The sigma kappa Mhm. duo is going to show up in verbs. Yeah. I think they call it iterative. Anyway, you're going to see this um frequently,

This little pair. So, the first principal That's why it's so important that you know the the principal parts. Look at the vocabulary list, that first principal part >> one is is apothnesko. Look what it does. The um Look at it what it does in the second. It's got really goofy principal parts. apothanoumai

It converts to a middle. Converts to a middle. Think about that for a minute. You can die [clears throat] >> You can die in the present in the active. Yeah. But when you die in the future it's got to be in the middle. Huh. Is there any guesses on the reason for this? I don't know. >> [laughter]

[snorts]

>> Good. Good answer. Okay, so just translate it as a present. Yeah. I Yeah, okay. Yeah, so the whom the gods love will die. No, dies young. Dies young. Yeah. That's what I don't know. I said >> [laughter] >> cut off young instead of will. Okay. >> of is a prophecy, you know what I mean? So, I can see why you why you want to make it future. That makes sense. Okay, let's go backwards. You also said for now >> Um I I did Theognis. You did Theognis,

You said, right? Yeah, I did that one. Okay.

Let's do Hang on a second. While you're doing that, I want to get precise I want to get a precise date here. Go ahead and read it in Greek first, too. >> [snorts]

>> Mhm. Good. That That first word is hope, right? But it also means expectations, so I use that. Expectations

Even uh in danger. Mhm. Um in humanity

Is similar to that harsh goddess both. So, I have it. Okay, here's what I want to do. I want to do a couple of things. Put a stop at the end of the first Oh, I see. Yeah. That's a complete sense unit. So, just translate that by itself. Yeah. Okay, so it would be um

Oh, I see. Okay. Um

Oh, um so like at hope and danger um Where's your verb? Uh

Is it invisible be? There you go. Yeah, so hope and dan- and [clears throat] danger are similar. Yes. In humans. Yeah, in that little expression in humans, it's like among among human society, you know, within human society. Yeah. You know, yeah. >> In humanity. Yeah. >> Yeah, right. So, look, you just made complete sense of that. Mhm. Right. Now, that's Theognis,

Which I just reaffirmed his dates. And he's 6th, 5th, right? So, he's dying like four I think it said 480. 483, something like that. He's dying. So, he is living um that 6th century reality.

He's These It's important because this is the foundation for what eventually becomes the democracy. Right? This is the Greek world's attempt to come up with concepts that will ultimately in Athens become the democracy. Right? Hope and danger, expectation and danger are the same Mhm. in mortal society. How's that? That's what the gar is saying on the next line. For Now, it's going to tell you Why is that the case? Now, you do this line. What's this line? So, for this um

The the Where's your verb? Um

Is it also invisible? Excellent. Okay, so >> [laughter]

>> So, this Make it plural, these. These uh these daimon daimonis. So, these divine beings are harsh goddesses? Yeah. Yeah, right. For the These both amphoteroi. >> Both, yeah, both. >> Yeah. These both are chalepoi daimonis. Yeah. You know, terrible goddesses. Yeah. Right? I love that. Hope and danger, expectation expectation and danger. Love it, right? Oh, God. So, look, you made perfect sense of it. That's Theognis and that is something that Bible scholars will never touch. Yeah. But look at how critical it is. It's basically defining in the Greek

Language hope. It's defining that term. So, if you don't understand that the people who were living in the 1st century when Jesus is doing his hoo-ha Yeah. those people are exposed to this through the language, to these ideas. Hope Right? What is hope? It's not always good. It came out of the jar of evils of Pandora.

Right? >> [laughter] >> So, they've got they've got this in their minds. They've got Theognis. And if you don't think so, all you got to do is look at the Greek literature that quotes

Quotes Theognis, right? Quotes Solon. Yeah. Okay, you want to try one more, the Solon fragment? >> Sure. I did that one. I did a a couple other ones, too. Okay. >> But um Yeah. Let's do the Solon one. So

Polloi kakoi ploutous e kakoi agathoi de pentontai

Okay, now stop there. Yeah. Here's what I want you to do. Here's what I want you to do. You pronounced all of those words correctly. Now, I want you to take the next step and I want you to try to run that [\\h__\\h] together. Okay. Polloi gar plou

Plou ploutous e kakoi agath agathoi de pentontai Good. Good. Next line. Um allelois autois su di' hemais sumetha

Look, look, look, look, look. >> [laughter] >> Okay. All right, good.

Epei to men em em pedon eiei

Chremata d' anthropon t' anthrop' allo lote allos echei

Nice. Nice, very nice, very nice. Okay, there's a lot of words here. Why don't you slowly translate this to me? Okay. Um

For many wealthy are evil.

Yes. You're good. You're good so far. What do you think about that? There's a lot of there are a lot of kakoi who got money and a lot of good people who don't who are pentontai. By the way, that word pentontai, we get penury. Right? Being poor, being poor is good. Some British son of a [\\h__\\h] just reached down and grabbed that out of the Greek and bastard stealing everything. [snorts] Okay, let's keep going. Um what's that second line translated as? So

Um from from others we

Are exchanging. Um

Okay, can I stop you for a second? Let me let me stop you for a second. Because I want you to see I I mean I want your voices in your head to see that this verb, look at diameibo

Right? What is this? It's it's just ameibo and dia. Right? And it means to take in exchange. You're going to take an accusative for a genitive with a dative that is usually Yeah. What? >> [laughter] >> What? I see that now. Accusative for genitive was yeah. You know the formula now. You know the formula now, so try to put that together.

So just the verb itself, hang on, just the verb itself Yeah. diamepsometha. Let's identify it. It's got to be a future, right? Yeah. diamepsometha Okay. Metha but yes, omestha is um um one that we just learned, right? Yes, good.

First person maisaitai metha untai metha, first person methas plural Yeah. So it would be we yeah, from we are exchanging, right? Yes. But it's And where's our accusative thing that we're exchanging? And it's got the ou on it, right? So we're not doing it. >> [snorts] >> Yeah, right. Um

Others? We're exchanging with others? Um hang on before you get to Yes, yes, I mean you are, but you're jumping ahead. Let's do it in the order of the equation. So let's find the accusative. We're going to exchange what? Something in the accusative. Um We we will not exchange what? Find the Oh, and by the way, this sentence goes all the way to the next line halfway through. >> Oh, okay. Excellence or virtue? So >> No, no, no, no. What case is excellence or virtue in?

Um the it's in Is it dative? No, no, no, no. genitive genitive >> Yeah. genitive Oh god, genitive. So plouton is your accusative. Okay, so exchanging with plouton. Good. We will not exchange plouton.

Yeah. Oh, okay. >> plouton? Not exchange. Yeah, that makes more sense. Yes. >> [laughter] >> All right, yeah. >> [snorts] >> So I forget that ou is a not Okay. Um And notice by the way, by the way something that I let slip here that I shouldn't have. >> Oh. Okay. On the second No, I mean I I just I just ran over it without making note of it. On the second line Mhm. the second word is hemais hemais which means we Yeah. and it is in the nominative case.

It's your subject. And you say, "Wait a minute, but we don't need to say we because we know that diamepsometha has to be we." Yeah. So why are the Greeks putting we twice? Why are they using their pronoun? Our?

No, no, no. Nope. Oh. Go go down to hemais. It's always going to be we. It's always going to be the subject. Right? They just haven't taught it to you yet. It you'll get this in the future. >> [clears throat] >> It's got to be Just for now, know it's got to be a nominative. So if if diamepsometha means we will exchange, why do we need to put hemais, which means we again? It's the way the Greeks have of emphasizing the subject, saying, "Look, this is us."

Raising their hands, saying, "Us." They don't have to do that. If they just put we are going to do something, they're not saying, "Hey, we are going to do something." So the real emphasis here is on the subject, we. What do we have to do as responsible people? We will not exchange plouton.

Yeah. for aretes. See how aretes Yes. Mhm. Yeah. Yeah. That's great. And that's where And then you can pick up in the second line the autois. Right? Right? You can pick it up there with with them Yeah, good. Good. We will not exchange that wealth for virtue. No.

No, we won't. Oh god. epei Now keep reading. epei >> epei is that, right? Um No.

>> [Snorts] >> This is a good exercise. Go to the back. Quick, go to the back. Go to the back. Find it. >> [gasps and sighs] >> Oh god. [\\h__\\h] Find it. Where is it? epei Oh, the back. >> [clears throat] >> Look it up for me in the lexicon. Mhm. If I get there first if I get there first something >> Uh after when sense, too. >> [laughter]

>> Okay. There you go. See? That I told you. You need to be using that lexicon. Good. Cuz you're Look, until you hit until you repeat stuff seven, eight, nine times, it's not going to stick. So you you know, it don't don't say oh sorry. Absolutely not sorry. It's you know, it's just a matter of repetition. As Cicero said in Latin repetitio est mater scientiarum.

Right? Repetition is the mother of learning. Okay, shut up Cicero. He also thought Greek was way advanced. Anyway, um Fantastic. Uh go ahead translate it. Now I got you off track. Empedon men Empedon eye. Oh God, this is so thick. chremata anthropon

Allote allos eche It's very colloquial, but go ahead.

Two cents sense Mhm.

Um that I would just not always last thing. >> [laughter] >> Is it hard? I don't know. Okay.

All it is is a is a definite article tau. firm Right? And And [snorts] we've got a men following it. So, okay, stop at the men jump down and look at the de and say, okay, we've got a men in a de clause. On the one hand tau Empedon eye >> we do have a de. I [laughter] don't know. Yeah. Yeah, on the one hand tau Empedon eye is Empedon anything? sound Yeah, the firm lasting the lasting always

Yeah, there's got to be a verb in there though. Where's your verb?

Oh, uh be. Is the verb of being? Is the verb of being? So

I don't know how to make that into words. Just do it literally. The lasting you just said is what? The lasting is is always Yes, now stop right there. What the hell does that mean? The lasting is always, right? >> Well, the lasting like

Like eternity Yeah, the really firm thing lasts forever. Yeah, but on the other hand chremata anthropon is your subject. Yeah, the people's chremata the chremata are your things, beings. Yeah, no you can say gold too. I don't care. That's fine. It's your possessions, right? No, cuz you'll see it written all over like that. They hate it. They This is always negative, right? Well, it's not always negative, but it seems like it to me. It's more negative than not. The things of people the possessions of people are what? This is colloquial. Allote is literally just at another time. allos being had at another time Yeah. Yeah.

[laughter]

They do what? It's It's sometimes you've got your things and sometimes you don't. Sometimes they come and go. They're not permanent. The good in the world is permanent. That virtue lasts forever. But those things come and go. So, we as a people are not going to exchange money for virtue. That's great. Isn't that great? Mhm.

>> [Sighs] >> Do you get a little excited for democracy? Mhm. >> [laughter]

>> This is Solon that we're talking about. I mean, he's literally asked by the Athenian people, please help us make laws that we can create a society that is equal where we have the people of the neighborhood running everything and we don't have tyrants. And Solon comes to them and he says, first thing you got to do is you got to make equality. How are you going to make equality? By hating greed. By hating that desire to have above what your neighbor has. Right? Oh God.

I think that's gorgeous, Madelyn. I think it's gorgeous.

Uh um I I don't even know at this point. >> [laughter] >> But I like doing that one. Are you Are you over Are you Look, you're doing Greek though. This is fantastic. >> Was there another one that you did that you really liked that you want to do?

Oh, there was the um on the next page there is I like the numero D delta. That one the agathon. Uh that one was good, but I what I didn't really figure out yet at least the the ending. Let's try to get it done then, okay? Let's do it. Okay.

Just notice while you're getting set up there getting ready. Just notice Agathon was a late 5th century tragic playwright. A lot of my authors, Madelyn, I learned I learned like what at least what century they lived in by doing these examples, right? So, it They're They're putting stuff in here that's all Attic and that it's good for you to know these authors and when they're doing their thing. So, this is Agathon. Great. Fantastic. Go ahead.

Phau loi bro broton gar to

E e somenoi

Uh e somenoi uh than en than en ero sin

So Before Before we get wrapped up in it before we get wrapped up in it, I want you to notice that on the first line is a god. And that god is always going to be connecting us to what precedes it explaining it. So, the fact that we don't have what precedes it is is already handy. Is Is already um what do you call it? Uh hamstringing us for the for the translation, right?

We're already We've already lost the context. So, okay, don't I won't worry too much then about what kind of conclusions this is making. I also want you to notice if I ask you where your verb is right? Notice how many verbs this thing has. ponein is a verb from poneo

Which is a contract. Okay. A contract. So, I want you to I have to identify this verb. If Once you do this, it'll be easier for you to translate. Look at e somenoi e somenoi.

That's from e saomai which is another contract.

Right? And look at how complex that one is. Middle and passive only to be weaker than to be inferior to or to be defeated by and it takes a genitive. Yeah. So, we're going to be looking for a genitive there. Maybe that's what that two is. That article two, but that's an articular infinitive.

To ponein They are. Yeah, suffering >> by uh death by labor ponein by laboring Technically by laboring? Yeah, cuz then that would be the like describing. Yeah. Okay. Now on the second line thanein on the second line from thanesko

All right? We've got thanein. Oh Yeah. God, that's a second aorist infinitive, right? To die. To die and then erosin another [\\h__\\h] verb erao. Yeah. erao. So, it's osin it's osin with an omega because it's a contract verb. What did they do here? They just packed a whole bunch of contract verbs. They you know, they caught Agathon using a whole bunch of contracts and they were like, oh look. Right? We use this. Okay. So, having known that the phau loi there from phau los is just what? Nominative masculine

Plural, right? >> Yeah. Meaning cheap ordinary or low in rank, bad. >> Yeah. cheap >> Yeah. men's Yeah. So or cheap men >> And it's got a participle e somenoi.

And its main verb is going to be erosene at the end. That's the main verb. So, these follow these are not just any follow. These are the follow proton. Protons is a mortal. Somebody who eats bread and dies.

Right? This is their definition. In Greek Madeleine the definition of mortal is somebody who eats bread and dies. Think about that. Think about that for a minute. Got so specific that in Homer he calls people bread eaters. >> [laughter] >> Right? Gods don't eat bread. Gods eat Ambrosia. So, the difference between a god and a person, a mortal is what you eat. >> [clears throat]

[laughter]

>> Isn't that weird and cool and interesting? God. [clears throat] It gives me a mental boner every time I every time every time you come across something like this in the Greek language. And by the way, look how much more fruitful it is for us to to do great actual Greek than to do made up Greek. Right? They're trying to They're trying to force you to get, you know, what to ya. Oh, God, is that one causal? What which one is that? Right? They're trying to get you to work all that out. But when

You jump into the actual Greek all of a sudden the it's like the spirit engages you. And it you know, it makes it it makes it live. I love it. Okay. Sorry. I now translate that bastard. Try and translate that thing. For cheap mortals.

>> Cheap mortals what? He's so annoyed. What are they doing? He's so annoyed um uh being defeated by

Um And then it's just but it's this scra it's a it's describing ergo scene, right? Yeah. No, not yet. Not yet. Not yet. Wait. Wait before we get there. Look at that part of simple. What are we doing? We're defeated these terrible people. Right? These these scuzzy of them the scuzzy group of mortals. What are they What do they do? They he's so annoyed. They They they give in. They're defeated by the two opponent. by things being painful.

Right? They're they're defeated by the action of the pain. And what do they do? They as a result they erosene. sun in They fall in love with death. Well, that's a good way. I would accept that as >> [laughter] >> I would accept that as a translation. I would say yes, you captured Yeah. Right? They love literally to die. They love to die. Why? Because life is so god damn hard. Right? Oh, God, maybe I can go to my final rest. Why? That's why they say rest in peace,

Not work in peace, right? >> [laughter]

>> Oh, God, those Romans. Requiem in pace. Oh, stupid. Okay.

Um look what you did. You did 5 6 7 8 How many lines there? Seriously, that was like somewhere between eight and 10 lines, something like that. Okay, you just read a paragraph of ancient Greek from some of the best Attic authors that ever existed.

Some of the greatest minds that led the democracy. And now you're beginning to translate their words. You're beginning to think like they're thinking. How does that feel? Uh [sighs] it's uh it's amazing, really.

You really are doing better. You're functioning at an A level. Um you're doing better than majority of your peers would be doing. Okay? You you would be the person who's in the A category in the class. Right? Um I just got all of those translations out of you. You did them all.

There they were. If I were to do this with a class, you would be able to see that you're able to do this maybe better than the majority. Okay, so however you're studying however you're prepping, however you're learning, keep it up cuz that's that's you're doing an outstanding job. Let's take a break and come back oh

So, it doesn't get too late there. Let's just come back in 10 minutes and then we'll do some exercises and just talk. They're they're going to be way less inspiring. But we'll just talk about the mechanics of this chapter and how to work out the mechanics.

Okay. All right. Take a take to the top of the hour and let's actually give me an extra 5 minutes. Let's do 5 after. Okay. Talk to you.

Fantastic. Fantastic. Well, why don't you Why don't you take me to some exercises?

If it were up to me, we would just do the Greek, but these are so good for you to try to stretch and Oh, did you put Thank you, too. All right. Where did we go?

Okay. Um what do you have in mind? Anything? As I looked as I looked them over and see how long they are. >> [laughter] >> Look at number five. That's a shorty. Can we just do Can we just do number five? And this number five will show you why it is that these are inferior to

Do we lose it? Oh, did I did I Did I miss the 279?

Oh, what's the I skipped to the next guy.

Look at it. Anyway, look go to 279 and just look at number five. That this is too good that it happened to be

Okay, yeah. On 70 Yeah. Eight, right? Okay. Sorry.

>> Yeah. You would translate this oddity virtue. Yeah. L pep I del minnows for those who are well educated is there's your invisible verb to be is Agath an Agathon crema.

Yeah. Possession thing. Right? But the problem is we just read real Greek. Where oddity is opposed to crema ta. So, you know, again, this is just a [\\h__\\h] exercise. And they don't necessarily they aren't necessarily

All they're doing is exercising what they've given you. Okay. Sorry. Previous chapter

Okay. What would you like to do? Oh, number four. Do number four. Uh

Toutis. What was that one again? Gosh, I remember saying that though. Which one? Uh >> [clears throat] >> ta- toutis Yeah, from who toss, right? This one is just describing this earth. Yeah. The water of this earth. this earth Oh, this Yeah. Well, and then uh evil is mankind.

Yeah. Yeah, but mankind is evil. So, you know, again, it doesn't it doesn't it doesn't make any sense, right? And it's not it's not using um well, I'm not going to I'm not going to complain. Okay, yes, you got the grammar. You got the grammar. God, that is an ugly one now that I um How about number three? Did you do number three? Actually, wait, before we do that, pick one pick one that you did well and that you think you uh you think you just want to show off.

Uh >> [snorts] >> I don't know if I want to show off. I'm And that number That number is number eight cuz look, it's got a kai pair. >> one. It's got a kai pair and it's got a homos. So, go ahead. Okay, so al- although

Um

Wait, wait, that's wrong. Is it wrong? Oh, wait. I I haven't been taught. Mhm, good. Well Mhm? um

Uh you were you were doing shameful things. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah, although kai pair eu dedigam dedidagmenos, right? Although, you you know, taught well you you're still doing you're doing shameful [\\h__\\h] dog, right? E pratēs. What tense is that? pratēs That's an imperfect, isn't it? Yeah. I thought it was >> Yeah. So, maybe yeah. E pratēs e pratēs I kept spelling it wrong. Good. Good. Good. Nice. Look, you got that long ending. Love it. So, although you guys learn well, you know, you have you're not doing uh

Nevertheless, you're you're doing crappy stuff, right? That's Okay, fine. Thank you for showing me how to use kai pair and homos, right? That's essentially. Plus we have a participle in dedidagmenos and we have a main verb it in in e pratēs. Yeah. Gorgeous. Gorgeous. Um look, you did outstanding on that. Um

What about number nine? Right under that. They're going to give us more hot day here. We're going to have to practice the hot day. >> hot day Yeah, I I haven't figured that one out. Yeah. >> Let's Let's try it. Let's try it. Um the good peace

Uh honor honors all hot day Uh justice is guarded. All guarded just So, put it put the pantis hot day. Like that keeps spelling >> Where's your main verb? Where the hell is the main verb? um >> in the indicative. Is there something in the indicative in this goddamn thing? Yeah. There is. Yeah. >> timosi from timo >> Do you see the honor? So >> Yeah, right. It's present, right? >> honors Yeah.

And what person and number? timosi It's a third person plural. >> Good. Third plural, good. um

Is there anything can be a subject in there can be the third person for they honor? Yeah. Yeah, there is something in the nominative. Look before the hot day, right? Yeah, the dikai yeah. Yeah. No, no, no, no. Wait, no, the pantis? Yeah, look, the pantis is your subject. >> isn't a mean like Wait, it the all Yeah, yeah, all. So

All all honors Uh-huh, all honor what? >> All honor uh oh, all ar- honor the guarded justice? Yeah, almost perfect. Yeah, almost perfect. Hang on. guar- Okay. Notice that the agontas is with the agontas definite [clears throat] article tous. tous yeah Everybody honors tous agontas, those who agontas, who bring or do or bleed, those who bring eirenen.

Uh-huh. What is eirenen? A peace? Good. This is the board of peace, I guess, right? Yeah. Everybody honors those who bring peace hot day.

Causal Yes. Be causal. >> But be causal for the reason that >> Yeah, because. Because uh >> [laughter] >> uh because uh justice is

Unguarded uh um because of guarded justice then Yeah, what is going on? I don't know. Yeah, dikai yeah. So, dikai yeah can it can be a nominative plural or or accusative plural. That's true. It can be the subject or the object. So, let's just hold on. Okay. All right? Uh-huh. [snorts] Um What do we do with the protontas?

Protontas Um well

It's a particle, so it just doesn't it describe something? Um yeah, but what case No, it's a protontas is a participle, right? That's what you meant to say. >> Oh, yes, participle. >> Right, participle. It is It is No, that's okay. And it is an accusative.

All right? On and tos. Uh-huh. ontas So, it's got to be the object of some [\\h__\\h] verb and we don't have it. So, go back to your main verb. All right? Because >> Because uh All these people honor protontas,

Those who do dikai yeah just things. Because they do just things Well all men honor those who bring peace, right? Again, don't It's just [\\h__\\h] It's just an exercise. It's not meant to >> Okay. Yeah. Okay, God, run from that bastard. How about number 12? How about number 12? agathon men See, if you just saturate yourself agathon men Okay, it's going to be a de >> that? What is Right? Where's the de kakon de? So kakon de On the one hand, the good on the other hand, the bad.

Okay. Yeah. What else we do with this? Where's the verbs? Oh God. No no verbs.

Is it um So, it's to be um To Yeah, to be. So, try to make that Find the subject

And then put an is after it or an are um

Um in order that this good I don't remember what el- elpis is. el

Nike says win, right? But Yeah, nike victory. Yeah, victory. Um And what case is nike in? It's in the genitive. Yeah, so with No, no, no, no. Wait. It's It's he elpis. Notice it's surrounded by he elpis. So, it's the genitive with he elpis, the attribute there with a he elpis. It's Yeah. >> The hope what? The hope The hope of the hope of victory. Okay, now stop right there. Perfect. The hope of victory. Now, is that a subjective genitive or an objective genitive? Is it

The subject or the object, the victory? Uh oh, it's the that's the object. Good. It's the object. Right? The elpis, right? Is focused on that object. It's not the subject. It's not victory sitting there hoping. Good. Good. Good. With an objective genitive. Nice job. All right.

Um it uh So

I How do I put that all together then? Yeah. Uh >> [laughter] >> So your subject, when you get one of these sentences that's got no verbs and you know it's the verb to be. Just Just say, "Okay, where's my subject?" Your subject is hay nikays elpis. So say translate that phrase, then put is after it. Is what?

Is the this, uh good? Yes. Uh two toys for them? For them. Okay. Yeah. >> Right. That's That's good. Wow. Okay. Um and >> minute. Wait a minute. Is there something goofy going on here? Yes, there is. Keep going and I'll stop it. >> But to toys is, uh Oh. I thought to toys was the, um the What's it called? The pronoun, right? Yes, it is. Two toys, yeah. Yeah. It's just sitting there in the dative.

Oh. Right. Two or four or with, so you have to try it. Yeah. Yeah, it is. So with

With that, with this? With them? With them? Yeah, with those masculine with those masculine plural things, right? Yeah. Mhm. Mhm.

Bad or evil Um There's not another verb, so there's probably a be. Oh.

So on the one hand On On the one hand that hope of victory is a good thing for them, but on the other hand Evil is the the the fear of war. Yeah. The phobos, good. The phobos ton polemion, good. You can say the fear of war, the fear of But it's plural. Just notice that it's plural. So

The fear of what? >> The fear of wars is evil. Is an evil thing. >> evil thing. Right. They're literally saying there. That's why those are neuters. Agathon and kakon are neuters. >> Right. Okay. Right. Good. Look at how long-ass number 13 is. Etimon hoy gerontes touton ton rhetora.

So just stop right there. We've got a comma. Right? We've got a subject here, hoy gerontes. Who are the hoy gerontes? Who Who Um Oh. Hoy gerontes, the old The old people. The geriatric The geriatric people. >> They're Are they hopeful? They're etimon. They're They're timao. They're honoring something in the >> honoring, yeah. Uh-huh. And etimon is our contract from timao. Notice it's got an epsilon augment on the front of it. Yeah. Epsilon augment and the ending is omega nu. Why? Because it's an alpha with an omicron there.

So this is an imperfect. Mhm. This is [clears throat] an imperfect. The The old dudes were honoring touton ton rhetora. The speaker. This speaker. There you go. There you go. Touton this speaker.

Mhm. Yeah. Who >> And what did this What did What did this speaker do? Haos. Haos, this speaker who Who Um Oh.

Who what? Anew Right? I can't remember. Anew Anew, you got it. Without? Without? Uh-huh. I I don't know. Um uh the writing? Yes, good. Without >> the letters? >> Yeah. Notice now, let me just make sure you see this. This is Anew takes a genitive. It means without something in the genitive, and then you see the two You see the two is in the genitive, but the grammata but the grammata is not in the genitive. That's in the accusative case. Yeah. >> Right? So now we keep going, we get

Graphe and you can use an articular infinitive. That's an article with its infinitive. So writing. To graphein is writing without writing grammata.

Without writing the letters? Yes. What did he do? Didaskoi.

Didaskoi. He's the type of guy Yeah, who taught those neanias young men. Yeah, instructed them in their logois, in their In the words. >> writing if you want to say there, in their wording. Right? Without teaching them the letters. And what Now Now it's getting ridiculous. Then they just tacked a prepositional phrase onto the end of it. Peri tonteis boules about the things, the the events, the affairs of the boule, of the council, kai teis ekklesias and of the assembly. And that pragmaton are the where where I translated it

Affairs. Technically in Greek, you don't need the pragmaton here. When you see that first ton, you can think pragmaton with it. So Again, this is a These are not the greatest These are not the greatest, um Yeah, so because they were so educated, elkhon. Right? Oh God. Keep going. Keep going. It's not, um

It It's not helpful to stop with the crap. No, jump down to 14. Okay. Jump down to 14. They It just says they began to rule over all those islands. It's It's makes no [\\h__\\h] sense. Look at number 14. Look at number 14. We've got another men and de clauses. But this time, we've got verbs with it. So try this one. It's not the verb to be. Not the verb to be. Go ahead. Um

Uh in order that they are

Oh, I I'll have to look that That's what it is. What they >> Oh, which one? Eleutheroi? I'm free. That's free, but but but the verb, I mean. Oh, politeuontai. Yeah, politeuo. Look it up. Think politics if that gives you a cheat, but look up politeuo.

Quick. First one who gets there. First one who gets there gets this psychically spank the other one. Here I am. I'm already there on page 787. Right?

What does it mean? Um to be governed. In the passive, yes. In the passive or to govern in the >> as a citizen. Uh-huh. Politeuo. So try it. Try it. See what you get. And I'm not going to give you any cheats. I want you to get this one completely by yourself. Okay.

Okay, I don't know. I'm lost. 14. Number 14. You say you're lost? What page are we on? >> [laughter] >> Yeah, that's okay. 251. That happens to me all the time. I'm glad that happened to you first. >> [laughter] >> All right. Um What number was this? 14? Yeah. >> [laughter]

It's a participle. Right? Which word? Um the the politeuontai or No, that's an indicative politeuo, right? It's just a present active indicative third I mean, present passive middle passive indicative third person plural. You have to figure out whether it's middle or whether it's middle or passive. You have to play with it. That's the game in this one. Okay. So it would be

Um I don't know. I'm talking all over the place right now.

Oh my god, number 15 would never exist in Greek. >> [sighs] >> That is the worst. I'm sorry. Okay, number 14. Hey, I'll give you a cheat. Your subject is eleutheroi for your verb politeuontai.

Yeah.

God damn it. Um

I'm sorry. I'm sorry. Um

Trying to find the right chart. Sorry. >> [laughter]

>> For which one? Archon? Um no. For the politeuontai. Oh, okay. It's just a present present third person plural. Oh. So, off from like onto So, yeah, the with making the eleutheroi the subject. Okay. On the one hand, the eleutheroi do what? They politeuontai. I I see.

What's tripping you up is the fact that of the voice of politeuontai. It's a middle or it's a middle or a passive. So, either they are ruling for themselves on for their own advantage or they are ruled.

So, you have to decide. Is this saying free people >> or Yeah, free people rule. There you go. It's for themselves. Yeah. Free people rule for their own advantage, but others are ruled archontai by aischron, by by shame.

>> People. Shame. Free people rule for themselves. Others are ruled by the shameful. Okay, they're trying [clears throat] to do what Solon and those guys were doing at the end. They're They're trying to kind of replicate that. Number 15, see how you don't dwell on each one, you move. Notice number 15 is never going to be a That's never going to be a a a freaking sentence in ancient Greek, but look what they're doing. Poioumentous dikaious

Right? Um they're just trying to show you, "Hey, remember this is going to be our sub deliberative subjunctive. We're going to be deliberating. Right? Should we do something? Should we do something chakon? Should we do something bad against the dikaious, against the just? Right?

Oh god, look at number 16. Blapte is your verb. Oinos is your subject. Try that one. Oinos is your subject. Um the the harmful opinions No, no, no. Oinos Oinos This is number 16. 16. >> Okay.

Not wine. Yes, it is. It is It is wine. You got it. Oh.

If If you forgot blapte, look it up in the back. I thought it was harm It is. Good. Oh. Okay. The So, the the harm the wine Okay. Yes, wine. You got it. Wine what? Blapte. >> [laughter] >> The wine harm harms. Huh?

Your your gnome main. You remember what your gnome >> Yeah, your opinion. Opinion? >> Yeah, your What did you say? Maybe judgment here? >> Judgment, yeah. Yeah. Oh, yeah. Wine wine harms your judgment. >> Yeah, and what kind of wine? It's wine aneluton udatos. aneluton

Udatos

Without Is that without? Yes. Um

Without [snorts] udatos Is that water? Yes. Nice. Yay, so now translate it. Okay, yeah. The wine The wine um harms a judgment without water. Yeah. Yeah. Wine without water. What the [\\h__\\h] is wine without water? Remember, they're mixing, right? They're not drinking it straight. They're mixing. So, all of their daily wine that they're drinking is a is a cut. It's like [clears throat] cut wine as you as you and I would think of it. So, they the statement here, wine without water it uh damages your judgment, which they

Talk about all the time. So, this sentence 16 could actually it feels native. 15 feels completely unnative. Right? And you'll get this instinct. You'll You'll You'll You'll find it out. So, I'm going to stop sharing. Okay. Look at how many sentences exercises you just did. How do you feel? >> [snorts] >> Uh tired. I'm tired now. >> [laughter] >> Yeah. Yeah. >> Yeah. Yeah. A hell of a workout tonight. >> Yeah, it was a good workout. Beautiful job. You are doing perfectly.

What I want you to do What do we have next? We have unit 10. Mhm. We have unit 10. Do it just like you did unit nine. Please. Do it just like you did unit nine. And when you get to the uh say the actual printed

Um real Greek in the back. And again, and this is nothing different. We're going to do result clauses in this unit. We're going to do um the rest of the contract verbs, but look back at the actual Greek in the back cuz that's the fun part. We can do as many exercises as you want again. But do go to page 282 and notice this time I want you to pick out we've got Sophocles, which is delicious, right? Sophocles is like the best peak

Greek Attic theatric. It's It's It's the dramatic language par excellence. Some people would say Aeschylus is. I think Sophocles is. Um

And they would argue about this, right? The frogs that you know, it's all about which one of these poets is better. Um but we've got two We've got two bits fragments of Sophocles that are nice. Another Menander, which you're going to read because that's you know, Menander's always nice. But then we get Aristotle's Poetics. And I want you to notice that the vocabulary list is crazy long for that. Okay. Yeah. Crazy long. And then if you switch to the page 284, it keeps going and keeps going and keeps going.

So, um they managed to sneak in a little Euripides there before. But then notice we've got a review then coming up for units eight to 10. Uh-huh. Okay? So, here's what I want you to do for tomorrow. I want you to do exactly what you did today. Mhm. But for this unit. Don't worry about a review or having to par- ticipate in review, anything like that. Just concentrate on memorizing your vocab. Okay. Doing some exercises and reading the material to try to get it all in line. Exactly like you're

Doing now. We'll work on review another day. Okay? I don't want you to worry about that and the fact that you're going to have a test coming up. I want you just to focus on that next unit. How do you You Is Is that you know, is it like clicking now? Yeah. Uh-huh. I think it was clicking. Yeah. Yeah. I think it was clicking with you from the beginning. I think you were on it. And unfortunately, this is going to be the bad thing. And this is what I'm

Going to say in late Babylon on Wednesday. The good news is is you're way ahead and you're proceeding like, "Yeah, we could get through this thing." And enough cuz the last couple of chapters only have a little bit of info. We can cover two of those in one day. So, we can finish this thing in the four week time. We can actually do this. Okay. This is our third week. We can be done by next the end of next week. But, we're only doing that because you are so you

Are so

Quickly and effortlessly assimilating the material. Um my average student is not going to be like this. No. >> student is going to be three times worse. Okay, I'm telling you. So, I thank you. >> time to to You're going to have to come up with some secrets of what the hell you're doing. And we're going to have to present those to the students that normally would take like three times as long. We're going to have to present that method of learning to them. So, yeah. I It's again, it's

Experimental and I want to keep going. I'm very glad if that I got you. If I had picked somebody who's wasn't able to able to assimilate as quickly as you, I think I'd be I'd be I'd be pulling I'd be pulling my hair out. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Okay. [snorts] Okay, we will I'll see you tomorrow and if you can on Friday. Uh if you can give me two more minutes on Lady Babylon just to let people know you're still there, still working hard, everything's going

Swimmingly, and yeah, good. Okay. So, unit [clears throat] 10 tomorrow, right? Yeah. Fantastic. I'll see you then and yeah, give all your kids a big hug. And and uh uh tell them there's a future that Mommy is kicking ass in ancient Greek. Yeah. Oh, yeah. Thank you. I love it. Thank you, Madalena, cuz you're making this a good experience. So, thank you. Yeah. And we'll see you. Thank you, and everybody else, thank you for coming. Thank you. >> Thank you. All right. See you.